KAMA HUTOJALI SOMA PROPOSAL HII NA ONGEZA OR PUNGUZA CHOCHOTE..KARIBUNI WANAZUONI

Kill one frighten ten thousands; are Tanzanian journalists really terrified? 

Introduction 
“Kill one frighten ten thousand” is an idea developed by Sun Tsu in 4th C to explain how the use of fear and intimidation are being used as mechanisms of controlling and silencing specific enemies. The technique was so common in politics but today journalism industry is facing the music. The talk of the day in today’s Tanzania is that, “if you want to endanger your life practice good journalism (the kind of journalistic style of saying it as it is)”. They will haul out your nails; knock off your teeth, hack off your legs, pierce your eyes, pouring acid on your eyes, emasculate you and proclaim the torture to the public to terrify others. The ambush and attacks against the chairperson of Tanzania Editors’ Forum on March 5, 2013 at his home manifests Sun Tsu’s idea. Today Kibanda has become a monocular because of journalism. Another veteran journalist based in Mwanza, Richard Masatu, was kidnapped, tortured and beaten to death and till today, no one has been arrested in connection with his murder. Some hours before his kidnapping, he received a call from a man who said he had a big story about the very same subject he had been chasing for weeks (The Guardian on Sunday March 24-30, 2013, p.12). 

In December, 2007 the founder and editor of the banned Mwanahalisi newspaper, Saed Kubenea was attacked by unknown thugs who threw acid on his face. After the attack Kubenea couldn’t open his eyes and he was flown to India for further treatment. TV journalist Daud Mwangosi was killed while covering political issue in Nyololo Mbeya. 

This technique is so powerful. For example the kidnapping and torture of Dr. Ulimbuka succeeded in frightening the striking doctors. Dr. Ulimboka was the leader of the countrywide doctor’s strike that put the government at the cross roads for months in 2012, after the medics refused to work demanding better pay and improved working conditions. 

This study therefore wants to understand how much do Tanzanian journalists terrified by torture, killings and ambush from thugs and the future of journalism in Tanzania. 

Journalistic style of saying it as it is: When did it started in Tanzania?
Journalistic style of saying it as it is has been a major cause of all these threats against journalists in Tanzania. After three decades of one-party rule, the introduction of pluralism into Tanzanian politics in the early 1990s resulted in the breakup of the government’s monopoly over the media, producing an unprecedented proliferation of media outlets and the emergence of a lively free press opened up the room for this kind of journalistic style of saying it as it is. Newspapers have been able to uncover and report fraud, corruption and mismanagement or abuse of office by public officials. Eighty seven case studies have been listed ranging from the fire that gutted down the Central Bank building, the Chavda scandal, Loliondo scandal, MV Alina scandal to the purchase of two defective jumbo jets (Boeing 747) from one Palestinian tycoon. Of late, the media has increasingly taken up its role of watchdog. Issues that have been reported extensively and consistently include high level corruption in government, suspect mining contracts with foreign firms, unimplemented power generation contracts, alleged Bank of Tanzania shady deals, and political corruption within the ruling party (Media Council of Tanzania, 2008, p. 30). For sure this is a kind of journalism of saying it as it is. 

Despite the existence of draconian laws, journalists in Tanzania have been able to uncover and criticize the government and the public has witnessed lively examples. Among others is the resignation of the premier of Tanzania. With these laws journalists have been detained, beaten up while newspapers banned out. But journalists never stop to do their job for the public interests. Now what is most terrifying is this new technique of silencing the journalists. It raises doubt whether journalists will survive to say all as it is. 

Torture and killings of journalists in historical perspective
The history of torture, assassination, killings and all sorts of ambushes that journalists have goes back to 300s BC. The history shows that authorities in various states have been struggling to control the flow of information in their societies lest the public understand their weakness and challenge the authority. It is believed that the more the masses know about the workings of the state, the less stable is (Mpagaze, 2012). Basing on this knowledge freedom of information became enemy number one of any government everywhere in the world. For example when in 5000BC people learned to cast messages into written languages on clay tablets and stones was very big threat to the authorizes because media enabled people to organize their lives in a rational ways and became less dependent on the whims of their gods. This development was negatively embraced by the authorities (gods) as they regarded it as, “subversive, destructive and sinful” (Hierbert and Gibbons, 2000, p. 7) therefore all matters about writing were put under the authority control and it was made difficult and impossible for ordinary people to cast writings on a stone. Also in 2500 BC when too much freedom of writing to the majority ordinary people would bring challenge to the authority, Egyptian Pharaoh restricted writing to a privileged profession of scribes. Moses was among the few scribers who had access to freedom of writing thus why when he (MOSES) received Ten Commandments caved on stone and produced the first five books of the bible (Torah). Likewise Moses restricted his works (the Bible) to privileged priests. 

In about AD 496, Pope Gelasius I of England issued one of the first catalogues of censored books to excommunicate from the church all those who were caught reading. In the very same country Pope Innocent IV in 1252, gave inquisitors permission to use torture against heretics (those who spoke or wrote against the church). Several thousand “heretics” were burned at the stake or strangled to death as the result of the permission (Fellow, 2013, p.5). Worse, by the early fifteenth century, the church in England was so powerful that it ordered the bones of the religious leader John Wycliffe to be dug up, burned, and thrown into England’s Thames River for translating the Bible from Latin to English without church approval. 

Through easy flow of information leaders normally fear the masses might form dangerous opinions about their authority and challenge them. This belief has made so many states to maintain draconian laws to cub the free flow of information. England and all of its colonies have very bad laws which hinder press freedom. For example Queen Elizabeth ordered one writer, William Carter, who had written an incendiary pro-Catholic pamphlet, tortured, and hanged. In 1633, printer John Twyn was accused of having printed a pamphlet that advocated the overthrow of an absolute monarchy. He was sentenced to be hanged, cut down while still alive, and then emasculated, disemboweled, quartered, and beheaded—the standard punishment for treason.

In Africa the story is almost the same. Carlos Cardoso was assassinated…………..In Tanzania there are more than 16 draconian laws which restrict free flow of information but journalists have been able to say it as it is. With all these draconian laws still journalists are doing very good job of exposing corruption and mismanagement of public fund. It is media which uncovered BoT scandal and Richmond which voted out the prime mister. As time goes draconian laws seem to be very weak because journalists some time use social media which its control remain mirage. Therefore to terrify and silence journalists from saying it as it is, new techniques of torture, ambush has been established. It has been tested to Absolum Kibanda who is still at South Africa for medication and nobody knows whether the man will continue with journalism. The torture was set out to shake the media industry. This study therefore explore whether journalists are terrified with such terrorism attacks. 

Torture and killings of journalists in 21st C
The 21st century remains to be the decade of high killing and torture of journalists in different corners of the globe. Currently 30 journalists die every year others are force to live in exile. The most appalling journalism killings are the death of Anna Politikoviskaya and Carlos Cardos. The experience shows that these journalists were killed to hide evils by their governments. Assassination of Anna Politkoviskaya, the Russian journalist, writer and human rights activist, took place on 7 October 2006. She was well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and criticism of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Carlos Cardoso died one day before publishing the article on big embezzlement of Bank of Mozambique. 

Kill one, frighten ten thousand: Theoretical perspective
Fear is a crippling emotion, and the use of fear, intimidation, and a sense of isolation are powerful mechanisms of control (Beth , 2013) . Experts in terrorism and conflicts studies argue that intimidation is the major mechanism used by terrorists to muzzle oppositions. They use what Sun Tsu called during 4th Century, “kill one frighten ten thousand”. The available studies on terrorism and journalism focus on blaming media and journalists as major causes of terrorism in the world. They believe that journalists participate in reinforcing fear to the public through TV and newspapers. But no any study which actually discusses how terrorism techniques are used to silence journalism groups. In politics, this technique of killing one terrify ten thousands strives and we have witnessed so many politicians being assassinated.

Methodology 
100 journalists from private media institutions based in Dar es Salaam will be chosen for the study to see whether journalists are terrified with the ongoing torture and killing of fellow journalists and the future of journalism of saying it as it is in Tanzania. All major media institutions and outstanding journalists are based in Dar es Salaam. Researcher will visit three serious newspapers namely, The Guardian on Sunday, Daily News and The Citizens, serious two radio stations; Radio One and Radio Free Africa and two serious television stations; ITV and Channel Ten. The study will follow case study approach typical of in-depth interviews with reporters and editors. Reporters will be interviewed because of the great importance of searching for news while editors will be interviewed because they are final decision makers of whether a story is published or killed out. 

All interviews will be conducted away from the newsrooms but in a personally relaxing and friendly atmosphere. Interviews will begin with a very open-ended general narrative of how they see these new style of killing and torture of their fellow journalists to the future of their journalism profession and then focusing on a detailed narrative of their role as journalists in the period of terror. 

Interview guide
1. What do you think the future of journalism in the Tanzania is?
2. What kind of story is likely to put journalists in trouble?
a. Political
b. Business
c. Social 
d. Health
3. Which of the following categories best describes your current position in your newsroom?
a. Editor in chief
b. Managing editor
c. Desk head or assignment editor
d. Department head
e. Senior editor
f. Producer
g. Reporter
h. News writer
i. Trainee
j. Other, please specify: ……………………………………….…
4. Which of the following categories best describes your current employment: full-time, part-time, freelancer, or other?
1 Full-time employment
2 Part-time employment
3 Freelancer 
4 Other, please specify: ……………………………………….…
5. Please tell me, in your own words, what should be the three most important roles of journalists 

6. Thinking of your work overall, how much freedom do you personally have in selecting news stories you work on? 
5 complete freedom
4 a great deal of freedom
3 some freedom
2 little freedom
1 no freedom at all
7. Given an important story, which of the following, if any, do you think may be justified on occasion and which would you not approve of under any circumstances? 
1 always justified
2 justified on occasion
3 not approve under any circumstances
a. Paying people for confidential information
b. Using confidential business or government documents without authorization
c. Claiming to be somebody else
d. Exerting pressure on unwilling informants to get a story
e. Making use of personal documents such as letters and pictures without permission
f. Getting employed in a firm or organization to gain inside information
g. Using hidden microphones or cameras
h. Using re-creations or dramatizations of news by actors
i. Publishing stories with unverified content
j. Accepting money from sources
k. Altering or fabricating quotes from sources
l. Altering photographs
8. Here is a list of potential sources of influence. Please tell me how much influence each of the following has on your work. 
5 extremely influential
4 very influential
3 somewhat influential
2 little influential
1 not influential
a. Your personal values and beliefs
b. Your peers on the staff
c. Your editorial supervisors and higher editors
d. The managers of your news organization
e. The owners of your news organization
f. Editorial policy
g. Advertising considerations
h. Profit expectations
i. Audience research and data
j. Availability of news-gathering resources
k. Time limits
l. Journalism ethics
m. Religious considerations

9. Hivi karibuni Tanzania inazidi kushuhudia mbinu mpya za mauaji na utesaji wa waandishi wa habari pamoja na wale wote wanaopigania haki za wanyonge. Je unafikiri ni kwa nini hali hii inawakuta baadhi ya waandishi na wengine haiwakuti?

10. Je kunaukweli wowote kwamba kukithiri kwa bad journalism (kuwatishia watu kwa njia ya kujipatia pesa ndo inapelekea) kuteswa?

11. Je kutokana na taaluma yenu na idadi ndogo ya mishahara mnayolipwa, mpo tayari kufuata nyao za ndugu zenu hao waliopoteza maisha kwa kuendelea kufanya kazi walizoacha? 

12. Na je kama mnajua walizifanya na wakauawa na leo hii familia zao na watoto wao walio wategemea zinateseka bado nanyi mtaendelea angali mna watoto ambao hata sasa maisha yao ni ya kawaida angali mpo hai?

13. kama mtaendelea ni sababu gani muhimu zitazowafanya muendelee mfe kama wenzenu angali mna familia zawategemea na mkikubali kufa au kufungwa jela kama wenzenu ina maana mmkubali familia zenu kuendelea kuteseka, maana inasemekana mnafanya kazi hizi bila mikataba na insuarance.